Coding means and method



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ATTORN EY .?atented July 4, 1950 CODING MEANS AND METHOD Ray E. Gilman, Providence, It. 1., assignor to International Business Machines Corporation, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New York Application May 2, 1946, Serial No. 666,576

20 Claims. 1

This invention relates to a method of coding messages and to apparatus for carrying out the method. The word coding" is used in its strict sense, as distinguished from ciphering, meaning a method in which code characters are substituted by groups for groups of characters to be coded. Heretofore, coding has involved the use of a code book in which appear groups of code characters each arbitrarily chosen to represent a word, a phrase, or even a sentence.

The method of this invention is similar to coding in the sense that code characters are substituted by groups for groups of characters to be coded, but is difierent from coding in that it is not dependent upon a code book. According to the principle of the invention, the'clear text is divided into groups containing a uniform number of characters and a group of code characters is derived from each group of the clear by a process in which the selection of each code character is dependent upon all of the characters in the related clear group and also upon its position in the group of code characters.

The general aim of the invention is to provide a system of secret communication having a secrecy approximating that of a code, combined with a flexibility comparable with ciphering.

A particular object is to provide an apparatus capable of coding messages, as distinguished from ciphering them. So far as I am aware, machines which have been devised heretofore for secret communication have operated on the ciphering principle, of substituting one character for another, by some kind or scrambling means, which is shifted in accordance with a complex program or key word. So far as I am aware no machine has ever been devised which operates on the coding principle, of replacing a number of characters as a group by another group of characters, so that the changing of one character of the plain text group will result in a completely different code group.

It is an object of the invention to provide a code system which can be easily changed from time to time, as considered necessary or advisable, making unnecessary the precautions now required for handling code books, to prevent them from falling into enemy hands.

Another object is to provide a coding system based upon code members used as a group, the code members in the group being exchangeable, or interchangeable, to modify the code, the number of code members used at one time being small, but the possible number of diflerent code members from which a selection can be made being very large.

The code member employed is one of the new features of the invention, being of such a nature that it can be composed by a mathematical process, which includes steps enabling a multiplicity of difierent code members to be derived.

An object oi. the invention is to provide a coding apparatus which is dependent for its correct operation only on the sending and receiving machines having the same code members and not upon the operator's following a fixed program in order to keep both machines in step.

Other objects of the invention will be pointed out in the following description and claims and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, which disclose, by way of example, the principle 01' the invention and the best mode, which has been contemplated, of applying that principle.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is an elevation of two coding sticks made in accordance with the principle of the invention.

Fig. 2 is a fragmentary view of the left hand coding stick of Fig. 1 turned to a different position, to demonstrate the method of use of the coding sticks.

Fig. 3 is a diagram of the coding of two different words with the coding sticks shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 4 is a diagram of the coding of a message.

Figs. 5 and 6 are tables showing the derivation of code sequences utilized in the invention.

Fig. 5 also shows a portion of a code member made up from one of the sequences.

Fig. 7 is a block diagram of a coding apparatus made in accordance with the principle of the invention. I

Fig. 8 is a partial vertical section of the manually operated typewriting machine represented by the rectangle at the left in Fig. 7.

Fig. 9 is a vertical section of a keyboard locking mechanism of the typewriter shown in Fig. 8.

Fig. 10 is a horizontal sectional view through a portion of the translator, showing the construction of the storage units.

Fig. 11 is a side elevation of one of the code members.

Figs. 12 and 13 are two elevations from diflerent angles taken edgewise of the disk shown in Fig. 11.

Fig. 14 is a diagram of the sequences of code elements on the code members.

Fig. 15 is a side elevation of one of the driving disks.

, the code members ll.

3 Figs. 16 and 17 are elevations of the drivin disk shown in Fig. 15, taken edgewise at two different angles.

Fig. 18 is a side elevationof a locking wheel. Fig. 19 is a vertical axial section of the locking wheel.

Fig. 20 is an elevation of a locking wheel taken at the side opposite Fig. 18.

lating code members.

Fig. 24 is a table of the electrical connections between the storage code member sensing brushes and the magnets controlling the translator code member control brushes, for both the coding and decoding sections of the machine.

Fig. 25 is a side elevation of a stepping mecha nism, four of which are employed in the translator.

Fig. 26 is a partial vertical section of the automatically operated typewriter.

Fig. 27 is a fragmentary sectional view of the control mechanism for the permutation bars of the auto typewriter.

Fig. 28 is a simplified perspective view of the carriage return control means of the auto typewriter.

Fig. 29 is a perspective view of .a cycling device, two of which are employed in the translatoi.

Figs. 30a and 30b are two parts'of the complete circuit diagram of the machine.

Fig. 31 (sheet 6) is a timing diagram of the cam contacts of the cycling device.

Fig. 32 is a fragmentary plan view of a portion of the manually controlled typewriter, showing the carriage return control means.

Fig. 33 (sheet 3) is a detail view of the carriage return lever operating means of the manually operated typewriter.

The principle of the invention will first be explained by reference to an elementary form of the coding device, then an automatic apparatus constructed in accordance with the principle of the invention will be described.

Fig. 1 shows two coding sticks, labeled North and East, respectively. Each coding stick is composed of a holder l and five strips or code members I I. The five code members of each stick are individually identified by the numbers 1', 2, 3, 4, at the bottom. The holder is made up of a back board l2 and a cover sheet l3. between which lie The cover sheet is slitted near each end of the stick with individual slits for each code member to pass through and inthis way the code members are guided for longitudinal movement. Each code member has on its upper half a series of characters and on its lower half a sequence of code elements. In this case there are two kinds of code elements, namely, blanks and crosses. The cover sheet has near its upper end a window It for-viewing the characters and near its lower end a window ii for viewing the code elements.

The sequences of code elements are of a peculiar nature, which may be described as a minimal transitive dyadic sequence: transitive, because each increment of movement of a code member to bring the next character into the window I exposes a different combination of five code elements in the window II; minimal, because in 4 thirty-two increments of movement the entire thirty-two possible combinations of two kinds of code elements taken five at a time are successively exposed, without duplication; dyadic, because the sequence is based upon the number 2, that is. it is composed of two kinds of code elements.

There are 2048 possible different sequences of the type shown in Fig l. composed of two kinds of code elements to be taken five at a time. There are factorial 32 possible arrangements of the set of characters shown. The possible number of different code members is slightly less than 2048 times factorial 32, due to duplication. The code members used may be all the same, or all different or partly the same and partly different. Fig. 1 shows the code members of the two coding sticks all different, with the exception of strips 1 and 2 of the North coding stick.

In using the coding sticks a group of plain text characters is set up in the window i 4 of one of the coding sticks, say the North stick. Fig. 1 shows the code members set to the positions in which five A's appear in the window It. This sets up in the window I 5 a pattern of code elements consisting of five combinations pertaining, respectively, to the five A's in the window It. This pattern is now read out crosswise into the East stick, which is turned to the position shown in Fig. 2. and its code members adjusted to make the patterns in the windows i5 of the two code sticks agree. This is done by reading the horizontal rows of code elements in the window is of the North stick successively and pulling out each strip of the East stick until the same combination is shown in its window is as in the corresponding horizontal row of the window i5 of the North stick. For example, the first horizontal row of code designations of the North stick is blank, blank, cross, blank, cross. The #1 strip of the East stick is pulled to the right until this same combination appears in the window IS. The process is repeated with each of the other strips in succession. When finished, the two patterns agree and the window I 4 of the East stick shows the group of characters 8N3QY. The group AAAAA has been coded into the group 8N3QY.

The receiver of the message has a pair of cod-,

ing sticks identical with those of the sender. On receiving the group 8N3QY, the receiver setsup these characters in the window it of his East stick and then adjusts the strips in the North stick, arranged in the same 90 relation as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, to reproduce in the window l5 of the North stick the pattern shown in the window of the East strip. The #1 strip of the North stick is adjusted to bring the combination blank, cross, cross, blank, blank into the window l5, then the other strips are adjusted in the sameway, to reproduce the vertical rows of the East stick. The original plain text group will then appear in the window l4, namely, AAAAA.

It will be observed that the code group is derived from the plain text group, not by a ciphering process of substituting one character for another, but by setting up a pattern of code combinations corresponding to the plain text group and reproducting that pattern transversely to set up the code group. The first .character ,of the code group is dependent upon: all five characters of the plain text group, and so with each other character of the code group. This is clearly shown by the example in Fig. 3. At the left side the word Paris has been coded into the combination L71CR. As shown at the right side,

changing one letter has completely changed the code group. The word Par-ts" codes into DJBCC. It happens that C appears in the fourth position in each code group, but this is purely coincidence as shown by the fact that the igugth letter was the one changed in the plain Fig. 4 shows the procedure in coding a message. The words Paris Tonight Eight" are typed with normal spacing between words and then the message is sub-divided into groups of five characters, treating the spaces as characters. It will be noted that in the North stick the space symbol SP" appears in the bottom character space. The groups so formed are coded in the manner previously mentioned, the resulting code groups being shown below, separated by spaces to make them distinguishable.

The coding system is not confined to groups of five. The groups may contain more or less characters. or different numbers of characters. For example, it is possible to code groups of three characters into groups of three characters or to code groups of four characters into groups of five characters, or groups of six characters into groups of six characters, etc. In coding groups oi four characters into groups oi flve characters, the North coding stick will have only four code members, but the combinations will be composed oi five code elements as in Fig. 1. n the other hand, the East coding stick will have five code members, but their sequences will be i'or combinations of four, hence will have only sixteen combinations in each sequence, and a like number of characters. The smaller groups reduce the alphabet which can be used and also reduce the complexity, but do not otherwise affect the system. The use of six in a group enormously increases the complexity, as compared with five in a group, and also makes available a larger number of different characters. The sequences are not necessarily dyadic sequences. A triadic sequence increases the complexity but also complicates the operation. The degree of complexity required will determine which of the types of sequences and groupings to use.

Deriving the sequences The dyadic sequences shown in the illustrative example are most easily derived by a mathematical process. By way of example, Fig. shows in horizontal line A the series of numbers 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 5 5. This is converted into a minimal, transitive, dyadic sequence, shown in a horizontal line B, in the following manner: Under the first 1 write 1, under the second 1 write 0, under the third 1 write 1, under the first 2 write two 0's, under the second 2 write two 1's, and so on. ls and 0s are written alternately, but the digit in line A determines how many 1's or how many 0's are to be written in line B.

If groups of five characters are taken from adjacent squares in line B, it will be found that each group is composed of a different combination of characters. The first group is 10100, the second group is 01001, the third is 10011, and so on. The last four groups are made up by taking characters from the beginning 01' the sequence:

thus, group 29 is 00001, group 30 is 00010, group 31 is 00101, and group 32 is 01010. In other words, the sequence is cyclic; if a strip bearing the sequence is curled in a circle, so that char-- acter 32 stands to the left of character 1, the thirty-two groups can be brought into reading position by rotating the circle by increments of one character length each and each increment or angular position can represent a different letter of the alphabet or number.

In making up a code member from the sequence in line B, for a coding stick as shown in Fig. 1, a cross will be placed in each position corresponding to a 1 and a blank will be left in each position corresponding to a 0. Such a code member is shown at the bottom of Fig. 5 in horizontai line B. The code elements in the four squares just to the left of SP are a repetition oi the four code elements at the left end of the sequence, this being necessary because the strip is not curled into a circle.

From the basic sequence shown in line 13, many other sequences can be derived by the process illustrated in lines C-G. Taking first line C. a 1 is written below the first 1 in line B. For the second position of line C, the number in the first position is doubled, hence 2 is written. For the third position the number in the second position is doubled and 11s added to it, because there is 1 in the third position of line B, hence 5 is written? For the fourth position, 5 is doubled and 10 is written. For the fifth position, 10 is doubled and the result, 20, is reduced, modulo 16, to 4. In the sixth position, 4 is doubled and 1 is added, making 9. In the seventh position, 9 is doubled, the result, 18, is reduced modulo 16, making 2, and 1 is added to this making 3. The same procedure is followed to the end 0! line C. The result is a series composed of the digits 0, 1 15, in which each digit occurs twice.

On reading line C, certain pairs will be observed to occur in the same order. The horizontal brackets point out the pairs 10-4, 10-4. These are considered pairs, for the purpose of the derivation to be described, although in the case of the second pair other numbers intervene between the 10 and the 4. Such a pair is distinguished from other pairs which occur in inverse order, for example, the pairs 2-5, 5-2. A pair of the first type, such as 10-4, 10-4, is selected and the position of these pairs in the series, including all digits between them, is switched. The resulting series is shown in line D (disregard for the moment the horizontal brackets under this line).

A new dyadic sequence is derived from line D as shown in line E. The numbers in line D are reduced modulo 2 and 1 or 0 written in the corresponding positions of line E. The brackets under line D point out another pair, 11-8, 11-8, which can be switched, in the manner previously described, to produce a new series from which another sequence can be derived.

Line F shows a new series of numbers derived from line D by switching the bracketed sequences 11-8, 11-8, and below this inline G is a dyadic sequence derived from line F, by reducing the latter sequence modulo 2.

Fig. 6 shows a group of sequences derived from a different origin than the basic series shown in line A of Fig. 5 and entirely different from those which can be derived from line A of Fig. 5. The basic sequence shown in line H of Fig. 6 is derived by a mathematical procedure which will now be explained.

A congruence is written based upon a prime polynomial of degree 5 that belongs to the exponent 2 -1, for example X5+X2+1E.

This congruence can be written in the following additional forms:

7 Using these basic congruences, a tabulation is made of congruences of the powers of X, until the terms repeat, as follows:

.X EX +XEX +X-+1 (from congruence 13. X EX +I +X 15. X EX +X +X=EX +X X 1 (from congruence 2) (from congruence 2) 17. X X +X +X +X +XEX +X x 1 (from congruence 3) 18. X EX +X +X+XEX +X+1 (from congruence 3) 19. X EX +X+X EX+1 (from congruence gruence 2) 26. X EX +X +X +X EX X 1 (from congruence 3) 27. X25EX5+X4+XEX4 x= x 1 congruence 2) 28. X27EX5+X3+X2+XEX3,+X+1 (from congruence 3) 30. X EX +X +X=EX +l (from congruence 3) 32. X31EX5+X2E1 (from congruence 3) From this tabulation, it will be observed that X is congruent to 1 as is X, that is, the terms begin to repeat at X".

The dyadic sequence in line H is made up by writing 1 wherever the final term is 1 and writing wherever the final term is a power 0! x, except that an additional 0 is added to the seq-uence of four Os called for by the second to flith lines of the tabulation, making a sequence of five 0's in the corresponding positions of line H. Additional sequences can be derived from line H by the same method illustrated in Fig. 5, several examples being shown in lines IM. In this case, in deriving the new series of line I from the sequence of line H, the series starts with the digit 5, but the procedure is otherwise the same. Line J is derived from line I by substitution ofthe sequences between pairs -10, 5-10. Line L is derived from line J by substitution of the sequences between pairs 11-19, 11-19.

(from Coding machine A coding machine constructed in accordance with the principle of th vinvention is shown in general Gui/11118 in Fig. '1. It comprises a manually operated typewriter 20, an automatically 8 operated typewriter 2| and a coding unit 22. The typewriters have cables 23 and 24 connected to them, adapted to be plugged into sockets 25 and 25, or 21 and 28 of the coding unit. The sockets 25 and 26 are used when coding and the sockets 2'1 and 28 when decoding. When coding,

a setting lever 29 is thown upward to the position N E, when decoding said lever is pulled down to the position E N.

The manually operated typewriter is shown in Fig. 8. It is similar in construction to the one stationary rod 31 upon which key bars 33 are also pivoted.

The key bars control latch levers 33 having latches 40 engaging lugs 4| on the related cams, to hold them against the action of spring influenced arms 42, which engage pins 43 on the cams and tend to rotate the respective cams, to throw their eccentric peripheries toward the roller 30. The latch levers 33 are pivoted on the bell cranks 33 and have upwardly extending arms 39a with bent-over ends engaging in slots 44 of the downwardly extending arms 45 of their related key bars 38. The upper end of thetype bar operating lever 35 is connected by a link 45 to one end of a toggle lever 41 articulated at 43 to the foot of a type bar 49 pivoted on a wire 50. Upon actuation of a key bar, the latch lever 33 releases the cam, which is rocked against the roller by the spring arm 42 and caused to execute one-half revolution, in the course of which it rocks out the bell crank 33 and operates the type bar. Each bell crank 33 has a downward extension on which is journaled a roller 5| for operating three normally open contacts a, b and 0.

An interlock mechanism is provided for the key bars, which permits only one key to be operated at a time. This comprises a series of small disks 55 mounted in a channel 56 which is supported on the comb 51 and slotted to allow the ends of the key bars 38 to extend through it. The small disks almost completely fill the channel from end to end, having just enough freedom of movement to permit one key bar to be depressed. A keyboard locking mechanism is provided as shown in Fig. 9. This includes a locking lever 58 pivoted 0n the rod 31 and having its outer end turned up and back so as to extend through a related slot of the comb and the interlock channel 56. A keyboard locking magnet MKL mounted below the lever 58 has a plunger .59 connected by a stifi spring 60 to the locking lever. When the magnet is energized, the locking lever is p ed down into the set of small disks and prevents any key from being depressed.

Means are provided to return the carriage of the manually operated typewriter automatically at the end of a line. A line will always consist of a number of characters equal to a multiple of live, since spaces count as characters in the gmups of five. For example, the lines may have a uniform length of characters, or 13 groups 01' five.

Among the key levers 33 of the manually operated typewrter is a lever 38!: ig. 3 which controls a carriage return mechanism. This leveris not aflected by the keyboard locking mechmounted on a pivot 54.

auaaov anism. The carriage return mechanism of the manually operated typewriter is not shown in the drawing, but it is similar to the carriage return mechanism of the auto-typewriter, which will be described later. The lever 88a is connected by a linkage 88 to the plunger 81 of. a carriage return solenoid CBS.

The illustrative machine has a margin stop mechanism similar to one disclosed in Patents 1,935,456 and 2,157,853. An adjustable margin stop 8| (Fig. 32) on a bar 82 of the carriage cooperates with a stationary margin stop 88 The stop 88 has limited freedom of longitudinal movement on its pivot 84 and is normally held at the left limit of its movement (Fig. 32) by a spring 65. When the adjustable margin stop 81 strikes the stop 88, as the carriage reaches the right hand margin, the stop 88 moves to the right. Normally open contacts CR4: and CR1) are mounted so as to be closed by this movement of the stop 88. As will be explained later, the closure of contact CRb causes solenoid CBS to be energized and starts a carriage return operation.

Coding unit The coding unit 22 contains two banks of storage units and readout units, as represented by the dotted rectangles in Fig. 7. One bank comprises the storage units 1N-5N and the readout units 1E-5E, the other bank comprises th storage units 118-518 and the readout units 1N-5N. The two banks of storage units and readout units are mounted on respective shafts 18 and 1|. which can be alternatively driven by a motor M through respective clutches 12 and 18 controlled by the setting lever 28. The motor is connected through a gear reduction 14 to a gear 15 (Fig. fixed upon a shaft 18 journaled in a bearing 11 on a bed 18. The gear meshes with two gears 18 and 88 fixed to respective shafts M and 82, the gears being driven in the same direction, as indicated by the arrows.

The shafts 8I and 82 are journaled at one end in bearings 83 and each has a reduced portion 84 (see shaft 8i) journaled in a socket in the related shaft 18 or H. A clutch disk 85 is slidably mounted on each shaft 8 I, 82 and is keyed thereto by a key 88. The clutch disk 85 has teeth adapted to engage in teeth on a flange 81 keyed to the shaft 18 or H and fixed thereto by a screw 88. An operating lever 89 for each clutch disk 85 is pivoted at 88 and has a forked end 8| engaging in the slot 82 of the clutch disk 85, and at its opposite end a roller 83 engages in a cam slot 84 on the hub 85 of the setting lever 28. The setting lever has a neutral position and two end positions for engaging the respective clutches 12 and 13. In Fig. 10 the setting lever is thrown forward and the clutch 12 is engaged. A contact SPC mounted by an insulating block 88 on wall I88 is operated through an insulating piece 81 bearing against lever 88. When clutch 12 is engaged contact SP0 is closed, at other times it is open. I

The left end of each shaft 18, 1| is journaled in a bearing 88 in the vertical partition I88. Secured to the right side of this partition around each shaft is a ring I8I of insulating material provided with thirty-two contact pins I82 distributed circumferentially thereof at uniform spacing. Within the ring IN is an emitter disk I88 composed of insulating material having a metal bushing I84. The emitter disk is fixed to the shaft by a screw 88. To the face of this disk is attached a single brush I88 connected by a wire I88 to a slip ring I81 on the hub of the disk 188. The brush I85 passes over the contacts I82 0! the emitter ring. A brush I 88 mounted on a support I88 bears upon the slip ring I81.

Storage units-Each storage unit comprises 6 locking wheel I I8. a code member I II and a driving disk H2. The code member is freely iournaled upon the shaft 18 or 11 and has pivoted thereto at H8 a locking dog II4 (Figs. 11-13). The locking dog has a bent-over end forming a tongue H5 which extends through a hole H8 in the disk and is normally held against the disk of the code member by a spring H1, in which position the tongue projects from the left side of the disk, into engagement with the locking wheel I I8. The dog has a sloping tail piece II8, the purpose of which will be described presently.

Removably attached to the periphery of the disk of code member III by screws I28 is a commutator I2 I The commutator comprises an inner metallic ring I22 upon which is moulded a contact ring comprising insulation I28 and metal I24. The metal I24 is completely insulated from the storage disk by the insulation I28. As seen in Fig. 13, the metal forms a continuous contact ring I25 and a plurality of contact spots I28. The contact spots and the intervening insulation on the periphery of the code member constitute two different kinds of code elements, the contact spots corresponding to crosses and the insulation to blanks. The contact spots of each code member have a length and position determined by a particular minimal, transitive, dyadic sequence. Fig. 13 shows in side elevation a storage disk having spots representing the sequence corresponding to strip 1 of the North coding stick in Fig. 1. Fig. 14 is a diagram of contact spots of the five storage disks on shaft I8, representing the sequences shown on the strips 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, of the North coding stick in Fig. 1. To understand the arrangement of the contact spots on the commutator, the sequence strip 1 in Fig. 14 can be thought of as applied to the disk in Fig. 11, so that the top code position is directly under A" and the strip is wound clockwise around the disk, 50 that the last code position lies on the same radius with SP.

Mounted adjacent the code member III on a support I21 are five brushes I28. In Fig. 11 these brushes are identified as #1, #2, #3, #4, and #6, respectively. They make contact with the surface of the code member wherein the contact spots I88 are exposed and are spaced from each other at a distance of one code position. when the code member is in position A, the brushes rest on the first five code positions, as indicated by the'small circles in Fig. 14. When the disk turns in the direction of the arrow (Fig. 11) by one increment of the length of one code element, it will be in position B and the brushes will bear upon the second to sixth code positions, respectively. For each angular movement of the storage disk of the length of one code element the brushes will sense a different combination of insulating spots and metal spots, as indicated in Fig. 14. A common brush I28 (Fig. 10) mounted on the support I88 bears upon the continuous metal surface I28.

The driving disk II2 has a hub II2a which is fixed to the shaft by a set screw I88. A two coil magnet I88 (Figs. 15, 16, 17) is fixed to the disk II2 by a bracket IN on ears I82 of which is pivotally mounted a U-shaped armature I88. In Fig. 17 the armature is shown in the position it assumes when the magnet is energized. When the magnet is deenergized, a spring I34 holds the armature against the edge I3Ia f the bracket I6I. In this position of the armature its tongue I35 extends through a hole I36 in the driving disk, into engagement with the tail piece ill of the locking dog on the code member III. When the magnet is in energized condition, the tongue I35 is pulled back into thedriving disk, clear of the tail piece II6 of the locking dog II4, so that the latter is released and its tongue II engages the related locking wheel IIO. When the magnet is deenergized, the tongue I I5 engages the tail piece of the locking dog, sliding up on the inclined surface of the tail piece, rocking the dog out of engagement with the locking wheel, and finally engaging the raised end 6a of the locking dog, whereupon the code member is carried along by the driving disk.

The construction of the locking wheel is shown in detail in Figs. 18, 19 and 20. It comprises a flange I40 and a hub III. The hub is surrounded by a. ring I42 andbetween the ring and the hub is a rubber sleeve I43. The mutually engaging surfaces of the sleeve, the hub, and the ring are fluted, so that the ring and the hub are resiliently held in a definite relative position. The ring I42 is held in a round aperture I44a of a support I44 mounted on a vertical wall I45 (Fig. The aperture I44a opens radially at I 44b to provide space for a radial tongue I46 on the ringI42. Set screws I41 threaded into lugs I46 of the support engage opposite sides of the tongue I46, to provide for angular adjustment of the locking wheel. The flange I40 has a circle of thirty-two teeth I49 corresponding respectively, to the thirty-two character positions of the code member. The teeth have sloping shoulders I49a, to allow the tongue II5 of the locking dog to glide into engagement, and rebound shoulders I49b to prevent rebound of the code member. The locking wheel has a central hole containing a bushing I56 providing a bearing for the shaft 10 or H.

The hub 20 of the driving disk II2 has fixed to it two slip rings I5I, I52 with which cooperate brushes I54, I55, respectively, mounted on the support I09.

Readout units.--There are five readout units on each shaft, as shown in Fig. 7. The construction of these units is shown in detail in Figs. 21 and 22, which disclose the readout units 4E and 5E'on the shaft 10. Each unit comprises a code member I60 having a metal cylinder I62 with a radial flange I63 secured by screws to a disk I6I revolubly mounted on shaft 10. At the right side of the disk I6I is a locking wheel IIO similar in all respects to the locking wheels pertaining to the storage code members. At the left of the disk I6I is a driving disk II2 identical to the drivin disks of the storage code members. The driving disk II2 carries a magnet I30 which, when de- .energized, causes the readout code member to rotate with the driving disk, and when energized causes the cylinder to be locked in a definite position by engagement of its locking dog II4 with a tooth of the locking wheel I I0.

The metal cylinder I62 has a cylinder I64 of insulating material with 7 metal inserts I65 moulded upon it. The cylinder I64 is divided by a medial ring I66 of insulation into left and right halves. The left half is further sub-divided into three sections I61, I66 and I69, each section comprising two zones R and L. There is a separate insulated ring-shaped metal insert in each of said three sections, which is partly covered by insulation but has portions extending to the surface of The five readout code members 1E-5E have contact spot patterns corresponding to the sequences shown on the five strips of the East coding stick of Fig. 1. Wherever the strip has a cross, the code member has a contact spot I65 in zone L; where the coding strip has a blank, the code member has a contact spot in zone R. A diagram of the five different patterns is shown in Fig. 23. As seen in Fig. 21, the sequence begins at the code position A and extends upward around the translating cylinder, the last code element appearing in the code position 8. As seen in Fig. 22, the sequence extends counter-clockwise around the translating drum.

There are six brushes I1I, I12, I13, I14, I15, I16 arranged for contact with the left half of the translating cylinder, the brushes being grouped in pairs, the pair I1I, I12 making contact with the section I69, the pair I13, I14 making contact with the section I66, and the pair I15, I16 making contact with the section I61. Each of the brushes I1I, I12, I13, I14 is mounted on an individual lever I11, I16, I19, I60, while the two brushes I15, I16 are mounted on the same lever IN. The brushes I-1II16 are attached to insulating strips I62, I62a secured to the ends'of the levers. Each lever has fixed to it an armature I63 associated with a related magnet I64. The levers are mounted by hinges I65 on the metal frames I66 of the magnets. A spring I61 (Fig. 21) attached to each lever and anchoredto a bracket I66 on the magnet frame I 66, normally holds the lever at one limit position, in which its lower end abuts against a flange I69 of the magnet frame. When the magnet is energized, the lever rocks to its other position in which the upper end abuts against a stop I on the support I09.-

In the first mentioned position, with the magnet deenergized, the brush attached to each lever rests upon zone B of its related section of the translating cylinder. When the magnet is energized, the brush moves to zone L. According to the selective combinational energization of the magnets, the brushes will be so positioned that each will make contact with a contact spot of the code member when the latter is in a particular angular position, corresponding to the combination of magnets energized. The thirty-two possible combinational energizations of the magnets correspond to the thirty-two different character positions of the readout code member. This will be explained further in connection with the wiring diagram.

The right half of the cylinder I64 has a single ring-shaped metal insert I9I which comes to the surface of the cylinder in a continuous ring I92 and in various spots I93. The surface of the cylinder, between the rings I92 and I66, is subdivided axially into sections constituting code positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and peripherally into 32 character positions A, B, C, 6, 7, 8. The pattern of the spots is determined in accordance with a six-unit code which is suited to the printer to be described presently, and is shown at the right side of the diagram in Fig. 23. Seven brushes I64,

I35, 136,131, I38, I36, 283 rest upon the seven diii'e'rent sections of the right half of the translating cylinder, in axial alignment, being mounted on the support I69. In any one position of the cylinder, circuit paths are provided from the common brush 206, through the common ring I92 and out through any contact spots I33 appearing in that character position, to the individual brushes.

The huh I I2b of the driving disk I I2 has mounted on it two slip rings 26l and 262, with which coact brushes 263 and 264 mounted in a block of insulation 255 on a bracket 206 attached to support I69.

Fig. 25 shows a stepping mechanism, the function of which will appear later in the description of the wiring diagram. A magnet MII is mounted in a frame 2 II), to which a driving lever 2 is pivoted at 2I2. The lever 2 has an armature 2 I3 to be attracted by the magnet and is normally held away by aspring H4. The top end of the lever 2 has pivoted to it a stepping dog 2I5 held by a spring 2I6 against a ratchet wheel 2I1 fixed on a shaft 2I8. The stepping dog is retracted when the magnet MII is energized and feeds the ratchet wheel when the magnet is deenergized. Four of these stepping mechanisms are used. They are located in the casing of the coding unit 22 (Fig. 7), together with various relays to be referred to later.

Automatic typewriter The automatic typewriter 2| (Fig. 7) is similar to the manually operated typewriter 20, as far as the power driven type bar operating mechanism is concerned, but includes a permutation mechanism for selective operation of the key levers 225 (Fig. 26).

Each key lever is connected by a link 226 to a related control lever 221 pivoted on a common rod 228 and urged downward by a spring 229 against a set of six revoluble permutation bars 230, bearing the individual numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. In line with the control lever 221 shown in Fig. 26 the permutation bars 230 have slots 23I, the slots on' the bars 1, 3 and 5 bein on the top side, while those on the bars 2, 4 and 6 are on the bottom side. If the bars 2, 4 and 6 are revolved while the bars 1, 3 and 5 remain stationary, all the bars will present slots to the particular control lever 221 shown in Fig. 26, which will therefore rock downward-under the influence of the spring 223, actuating the related key lever 225. The arrangement of the slots 23I aligned with each of the control-levers 221 is different, so that by rotating different combinations of the permutation bars 236 different keys will be actuated.

The driving and control means for the selective rotation of the permutation bars has substantially the same construction as disclosed in Patent 2,165,247. Under the permutation bars is a drive shaft 235 driven by a motor (not shown). The shaft 235 has, a driving gear 236 fixed to its left end (Fig. 27) and a similar gear at its right end, which does not show in the drawing. The gear 236 meshes with a gear 231 fixed to a short shaft 233 journaled in bearings 239, so as to be concentric to permutation bar 3. The gear 231 meshes with gears 24!] and 24I fixed to short shafts (not shown) similar to the shaft 238, but concentric to the permutation bars 1 and 5, respectively. At the opposite end of shaft 235 the arrangement is similar, but the gear corresponding to gear 231 is fixed on a short shaft concentric to permutation bar 4, while the gears corresponding to 14 gears 243 and 24! are fixed to short shafts concentric to permutation bars 2 and 6.

The short shaft 238 has fixed to its inner end a ratchet toothed drive wheel 242 positioned to be engaged by a tooth 243 on a sliding dog 244 of a clutch 245 mounted on the end of the related permutation bar 3. As more fully disclosed in Patent 2,165,247, the engagement of the tooth 243 is controlled by a bell crank lever 246 pivoted at 241 and having an armature 248 attached thereto operated by a code magnet M53. (The clutch 245 has the same construction as the one shown in Fig. 29, pertaining to the cycling device.) 'Each of the other short shafts similar to 238 has'the same kind of clutch means for connecting it to the related permutation bar. There are five additional code magnets, to be referred to later as M5I, M52, M54, M55 and M56, controlling the respective clutches.

The typewriter includes a space bar 256 on a key lever 25I, which can be operated directly by a spacing magnet MSP, or through the permutation unit, by a link 226' connected to one of the operating levers 221, which responds to the space code 4. Tha magnet MSP is used for automatic grouping in coding. In decoding, spaces are produced through the permutation unit. Another magnet MCR operates the carriage return key CR.

Across the right ends of the operating levers 221 extends a bail 252 pivoted on a stationary rod 253. At one end the bail has fixed to it an arm 254, the end of which bears upon a piece of insulation 255 at the tip of the lower spring of a normally open contact BC. The call 252 is held by a spring 251, hooked to the arm 254 and to a fixed part 256, against the ends of the operating levers 221. The ball slants downward, in osition to be rocked by any operating lever which operates a key lever, to close the contact BC.

The carriage return mechanism is similar to those disclosed in Patents 2,168,442 and 2,104,559 and Fig. 28 is a simplified view of it. A tape 236 is wound around a revoluble drum "I and its inner end is secured thereto. The tape is connected at its other end to the carriage (not shown), so that when the drum is rotated in clockwise direction the carriage is returned. The drumjs revolubly mounted on a shaft which rotates constantly with the power roller 262 and can be clutched thereto by a clutch disk 263. The clutch disk has a hub cap 264 upon which bears one end of a lever 265 pivoted at 266 to a fixed part 261. A leftwardiy extendingarm 268 of the lever 265 is articulated to a lever 263 pivoted at 213 on a fixed part 21I, forming a toggle joint therewith. The lever 263 is connected by a link 212 to a bell crank lever 213 forming part of a power cam mechanism similar to the one shown in Fig. 8, except that its cam 214 is single lobed. This cam mechanism is controlled by the carriage return key CR. When the latter is operated, the clutch 263 is engaged and the tape 236 is wound up, returning the carriage.

Extending under one arm of the lever 263 is a bell crank 215 pivoted at 216 on a fixed part 211. The bell crank 215 is connected by a linkage 218, 213, 280 to a lever 28I pivoted on the rear carriage rail 282. The lever 28I has an arm 283 D sitioned to be engaged b the left hand marginal stop 284 adjustably mounted on the marginal stop bar 285. When the marginal stop strikes the arm 283, the bell crank 215 rocks the lever 263 far enough to break the toggle and release the clutch. 

